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51.
Stefania Romano Rossano Piazza Cristian Mugnai Silvia Giuliani Luca Giorgio Bellucci Cu Nguyen Huu Marco Vecchiato Stefano Zambon Nhon Dang Hoai Mauro Frignani 《Chemosphere》2013,90(9):2396-2402
Concentration and distribution of PCBs, PCB 11, and PBDEs in both surficial sediment and soil samples, taken from a zone subject to recent accelerated development, were investigated to assess the environmental quality and understand both natural and anthropogenic processes that influence contaminant behaviors. Values of PCB and PBDE are in the lower range of those reported in literature, typical of low impacted coastal zones. This could be due to efficient processes of resuspension and removal. Contaminants in the lagoon showed higher concentrations in sediments from sites close to the city and the outfalls of the industrial area, while soils showed maximum values in the northern samples. In addition, congener patterns and statistical analyses suggest the presence of effective degradation processes, especially for PBDEs, with the exception of the most concentrated samples that may indicate a direct input. PCB 11 is a significant component (up to 18%) in most lagoon sediments. Its presence is strongly associated with fine particles, thus the distribution seems to be driven mainly by the system hydrodynamic and does not trace the sources. Due to evaporation, only flooded agricultural soils show a similar relative abundance of this congener. 相似文献
52.
Silvia Loaiza Ambuludi Marco Panizza Nihal Oturan Ali Özcan Mehmet A. Oturan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2381-2389
The electrochemical abatement of the drug ibuprofen (2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionic acid) from aqueous solution has been carried out by anodic oxidation. The electrolyses have been performed at constant current using a small, undivided cell equipped with a Pt or thin-film boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a carbon-felt cathode. The results have shown that ibuprofen has been destroyed under all the conditions tested, following pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, BDD enables higher removal rates than Pt, because the former produces greater quantity of ?OH. Using BDD anode, the pseudo-first-order rate constant increased with applied current and when NaCl replaced Na2SO4 as supporting electrolyte, while it is almost unaffected by ibuprofen concentration. Mineralization of ibuprofen aqueous solutions was followed by total organic carbon (TOC) measurements. After 8 h of electrolysis, TOC removal varied from 91 % to 96 % applying a current in the range of 50–500 mA. The reaction by-products were quantified by chromatographic techniques, and in particular, aliphatic acids (oxalic, glyoxylic, formic, acetic, and pyruvic) have been the main intermediates formed during the electrolyses. The absolute rate constant for the oxidative degradation of ibuprofen have also been determined, by competition kinetic method, as 6.41?×?109 M?1?s?1. 相似文献
53.
For more than 30 million years, in early Mesozoic Pangea, ??rauisuchian?? archosaurs were the apex predators in most terrestrial ecosystems, but their biology and evolutionary history remain poorly understood. We describe a new ??rauisuchian?? based on ten individuals found in a single locality from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil. Nine articulated and associated skeletons were discovered, three of which have nearly complete skulls. Along with sedimentological and taphonomic data, this suggests that those highly successful predators exhibited some kind of intraspecific interaction. Other monotaxic assemblages of Triassic archosaurs are Late Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) in age, approximately 10 million years younger than the material described here. Indeed, the studied assemblage may represent the earliest evidence of gregariousness among archosaurs, adding to our knowledge on the origin of a behavior pattern typical of extant taxa. 相似文献
54.
European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Y.S. Tang I. Simmons N. van Dijk C. Di Marco E. Nemitz U. Dmmgen K. Gilke V. Djuricic S. Vidic Z. Gliha D. Borovecki M. Mitosinkova J.E. Hanssen T.H. Uggerud M.J. Sanz P. Sanz J.V. Chorda C.R. Flechard Y. Fauvel M. Ferm C. Perrino M.A. Sutton 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,133(3-4):183
A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH3, NH4+, HNO3 and NO3−, as well as SO2, SO42−, HCl, Cl− and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH3) and regional (HNO3, NO3−, and NH4+) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH3, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites. 相似文献
55.
Mart-Jan Schelhaas Geerten Hengeveld Marco Moriondo Gert Jan Reinds Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz Herbert ter Maat Marco Bindi 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):681-701
Risks can generally be described as the combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Using this framework, we evaluated
the historical and future development of risk of fire and wind damage in European forestry at the national level. Fire risk
is expected to increase, mainly as a consequence of an increase in fire hazard, defined as the Fire Weather Index in summer.
Exposure, defined as forest area, is expected to increase slightly as a consequence of active afforestation and abandonment
of marginal agricultural areas. Adaptation options to fire risk should therefore aim to decrease the vulnerability, where
a change in tree species from conifers to broadleaves had most effect. Risk for wind damage in forests is expected to increase
mainly as a consequence of increase in exposure (total growing stock) and vulnerability (defined by age class and tree species
distribution). Projections of future wind climate indicate an increase in hazard (storminess) mainly over Western Europe.
Adaptation options should aim to limit the increase in exposure and vulnerability. Only an increase in harvest level can stop
the current build-up of growing stock, while at the same time it will lower vulnerability through the reduction of the share
of old and vulnerable stands. Changing species from conifers to broadleaves helps to reduce vulnerability as well. Lowering
vulnerability by decreasing the rotation length is only effective in combination with a high demand for wood. Due to data
limitations, no forecast of future fire area or damaged timber amount by storms was possible. 相似文献
56.
Karen Hardy Stephen Buckley Matthew J. Collins Almudena Estalrrich Don Brothwell Les Copeland Antonio García-Tabernero Samuel García-Vargas Marco de la Rasilla Carles Lalueza-Fox Rosa Huguet Markus Bastir David Santamaría Marco Madella Julie Wilson ángel Fernández Cortés Antonio Rosas 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2012,99(8):617-626
Neanderthals disappeared sometime between 30,000 and 24,000?years ago. Until recently, Neanderthals were understood to have been predominantly meat-eaters; however, a growing body of evidence suggests their diet also included plants. We present the results of a study, in which sequential thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) were combined with morphological analysis of plant microfossils, to identify material entrapped in dental calculus from five Neanderthal individuals from the north Spanish site of El Sidrón. Our results provide the first molecular evidence for inhalation of wood-fire smoke and bitumen or oil shale and ingestion of a range of cooked plant foods. We also offer the first evidence for the use of medicinal plants by a Neanderthal individual. The varied use of plants that we have identified suggests that the Neanderthal occupants of El Sidrón had a sophisticated knowledge of their natural surroundings which included the ability to select and use certain plants. 相似文献
57.
Avian Conservation under the Endangered Species Act: Expenditures versus Recovery Priorities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: Budget constraints require the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to prioritize species for recovery spending. Each listed species is ranked according to the degree of threat it faces, its recovery potential, and its taxonomic distinctness. We analyzed state and federal government expenditures for recovery of threatened and endangered birds ( n = 85 species) from 1992 to 1995 to determine if the priority system was being followed. Although recovery spending correlated with priority rank, priority rank explained <5% of the variation in spending. A small number of the same moderately ranked species dominated expenditures each year (41–79% of total annual budgets). Species with wide distributions, high recovery potential, and captive breeding programs received the most funding, and more funding than their priority ranks dictated. Island species received significantly less funding than expected based on priority rank. Twelve species, 10 of which resided on islands, received <$5000 at least once from 1992 to 1995. Recovery spending was unrelated to degree of threat, taxonomic distinctness, and migratory status. There also was no relationship between land-purchase expenditures and priority ranks. To improve the relationship between recovery spending on threatened and endangered birds and their priority rank, significant changes need to be made within the private sector ( less litigation and special-interest lobbying ), U.S. Congress (increased budget and reduced earmarking ), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (restructuring of regional offices and increased accountability). 相似文献
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60.
气象指数灾害保险是目前全球范围内广泛研究的一种风险转移工具,它可以克服传统的自然灾害保险的局限性,在农业保险领域应用前景广阔。以福建省连江县为例,依据连江县台风灾害及台风活动特征,将能够对连江县造成一定损失的台风分成分别以大风、大雨和大风雨为主导的3类。结合连江站相关气象数据及概率分布建立了广义的台风灾害气象指数,最后构建了保险赔付路线图,以供有关部门参考。 相似文献